NATURE AND SOURCE OF DRUG
Hello dear students, welcome to this blog today, I am going to talk about drugs they are
nature and sources and the before discussing the topic in detail let's first
know its objectives
*Number one how are drugs defined
*Number two what is the nature of drugs
*Number third what are the main sources from which drugs
The definition of
drug- A drug may be defined as a natural or synthetic substance which when
taken into a living body affects its functioning or structure and is used in
the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease.
A drug may also be habbit-forming
stimulant or narcotic substance like
alcohol, cannabis, nicotine or a
derivative of poppy. which produces a
state of arousal contentment or eforea.
continued or excessive use of such
substances causes addiction or
dependence. the former refers to legal
drugs and the latter as illegal drugs.
The term drug refers mainly to chemical
or plant derived substances that affect
psychological, behavioral or physical
functions and lead to varying degrees of
dependence or addiction.
Let's discuss now
the nature of these drugs based on
the nature of their chemical groups drugs can be classed into various
groups alkaloids, glycosides philomon oyd, and proanthocyanidins, tannins,terpenoids
resins and lignans,
Alkaloids
The alkaloids are heterocyclic nitrogen containing compounds
usually with potent activity and bitter taste they are of limited distribution
in the plant kingdom. the various groups of alkaloids like-
*tropane alkaloids
*pyrrolizidine alkaloids and
* methyl xanthine
alkaloids - have diverse killed nickel properties which
are mentioned below….
* Tropane alkaloids
* Tropane alkaloids - have anticholinergic activity they
are also used medically to reduce smooth muscles palms hypersecretion and
paint.
* Pyrrolizidine
Alkaloids - inhibit
pain cancer cells and bacteria they also help in stimulation of bone marrow
leukocytes as well as myocardial contractility.
*Methylxanthines*
methylxanthines bind
to adenosine receptor and elicit neurological effects in man and animals which
may be regarded stimulating at low to moderate intake.
*Rodents -high intakes of methylxanthines show reduced sperm
production and testicular atrophy.
*Glycosides*
Glycosides these
compounds consist of various categories of secondary metabolites bound to a
mono or oligosaccharide or to uronic acid. the saccharide or uronic acid part
is called the glycol and the non saccharide part the Aglycon .
The main groups of glycosides are *cardiac glycosides *cyanogenic glycosides Glucocynolates ,
saponins and anthraquinone glycosides.
Now the clinical properties of these glycosides include
They inhibit sodium,
potassium, ATP pumps and cell membranes. these pumps
are critical for the functioning of
the cardiac cells therefore these
compounds result in increased
contractility and reduced heart rate.
Cyanogenic
glycosides interfere with the iodine
utilization and result in
hypothyroidism some saponins induce
photosensitisation and jaundice. anthraquinone glycosides helped in induction of water and electrolytes creation as well as peristalsis and colon. now
flavonoids and proanthocyanidins
flavonoids consist of a central
three-ring structure and
proanthocyanidins are oligomers of
flavonoids and the clinical properties
include they act as general into
oxidants several structures reduce
inflammation or carcinogenicity.
Tannins
there are two distinct types of tannins
Condenser tannins - which are large polymers of flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins which are polymers composed of a monosaccharide core most of Angelico's with several catechin derivatives attacked.the clinical properties include they are used as astringent in cases of diarrhea skin bleeding's and transit eights.
Terpenoids - the terpenoids are synthesized where the five carbon building block isoprene activity. and the clinical
properties include their antonio plastic
antibacterial and antiviral they are
also important in gastrointestinal
stimulation.
Resins - the resins are complex lipid soluble mixtures usually both non volatile and volatile compounds. the non volatile fraction may consist of dye tap annoyed and write-up annoyed compounds and more range circa terpenoids to dominate in the volatile fraction.
and the clinical properties of these
resins are most resins are inter
microbial and wound healing but their
actions depend on the composition of the
chemical mixture resins are generally
safe but contact allergy may occur.
Lignans - the lignans are composed of two phenyl propane I'd units to form an 18 carbon skeleton with various functional groups can
they are gently lipophilic and have
structural functions within the plant
cell membranes lignin cophytoestrogen
ik and antonio plastic effects.
Discuss The Sources Of Drugs
Drugs can be obtained from natural sources like plants animals microbes etc. Or can be prepared synthetically.
First we'll discuss national sources of drugs nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and continues to be an abundant source of novel chemo types and pharmaco force with only 5 to 15 percent of the approximately 2 lakh 50 thousand species of hair plant systematically investigated and the potential of marine environment barely tapped these areas will remain a rich source of novel bioactive compounds.
it's apparent that nature can provide
the novel chemical scaffolds for
elaboration by chemical and biochemical
approach thus leading to agents that
have been optimized on the basis of
their pharmacological activities.
First we will discuss the plants as the sources of drugs plants have formed the basis for traditional medicine systems which have been used for thousands of years in countries such as China and India. these plant based systems continue to play an essential role in healthcare and it has been estimated by the World Health Organization that approximately 80% of the world's inhabitants rely mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care. examples of important plant compounds developed for the benefit of human health are if a dream first isolated from ephedra Sinica is the basis for the synthesis of the nth asthma agents salbutamol and salmeterol .
Tubocurarine - it's the muscle relaxant isolated from coder
Dendron and curare species and used
by indigenous groups in the Amazon as
the basis for the arrow poison cure.
Vlasting and Vincristine - isolated from catharanthus roseus
has anti-cancerous properties
peppered somniferum has given rise to
four important medicines. the plant is
very old painkiller and a sedative the
four important and collides found in
opium that are used as medicines today
are morphine, codeine, noscapin and pepaverine.
Strychnine - it's isolated
from the plant Stychnos nux-
vomica this compound is used as a
muscle relaxant in connection with
operations for killing animals and due
to its bitter taste, it enhances the
gastric juice production leading to a
better appetite.
Queenie - malaria is one
of the most fatal diseases worldwide an
old well-known remedy for treatment of
malaria is the queenie isolated from the
bark of trees in Cinchona species.
Artemisinin -
Artemisia annua is an old Chinese and
malaria remedy called Quinhao. this
was shown to be an effective remedy both
as prophylaxis and in the treatment of
malaria,
Podophylllotoxin - it's a resin compound isolated from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum Podophylllotoxin was
also the lead compound giving rise to
the development of the medical drugs
teniposide and etoposide today used
again as several types of cancers.
The Microbes As The Source of Drugs
The exchange and discovery of
penicillin from the filamentous fungus
penisilin notatum by filiming in 1929
and the observation of the broad
therapeutic use of this agent in the
1940s assured in a new era in medicine
the so-called Golden Age of antibiotics.
this discovery promoted the intensive
investigation of nature as a source of
novel bioactive agents and
microorganisms hell proved to be a
prolific source of structurally diverse
bio active metabolites which have
yielded some of the most important
products of the pharmaceutical industry.
and these include antibacterial
agents such as pencillines from
pencilum species cephalosporins from syphilis
poram Cryptosporidium tetracycline from
the actinomycintells the
immunosuppressive agents like the
cyclosporine and rapamycin from
streptomyces species the
cholesterol-lowering agents such as
Mavis tannin and lovastatin from
pencilum species and into hermeneutics
and into parasitic drugs such as ever
make tents from streptomyces species .
Cyclosporin A - isolated from the micro fungus Tolypocladium
inflatum has immunosuppressive properties
this product revolutionized the
survival period for people needing transplantation of organs and has given a large number of people an elongated life.
The Marine Sources of Drugs
The world's oceans covering more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface represent an enormous resource for the discovery of potential chemotherapy agents. the first notable discovery of biologically active compounds from marine sources was the isolation of the C -nucleosides, spongouridine and spongothymidine from the caribbean sponge cryptotheka crypta in the 1950s. these compounds were found to possess antiviral activity the see here Dolabella auricularia from the Indian Ocean is the source of more than 15 cytotoxic cyclic and linear peptides called the Dolastatins.
The extremely potent Venom's of predatory cone snails have yielded complex mixtures of small peptides which have provided models for the senses of novel pain killers. the other sources of drugs include teprotide
isolated from the venom of the pit viper bothrops jaracaca is used in
the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Epibatidine - present in the skin of a frog EpipedobatesTricolour has been shown
to be 200 times more stronger painkiller
than morphine. this was discovered
because natives used the extract of the
skin as an arrow poison.
Discuss Synthetic Sources of Drugs
Synthetic drugs are synthetic compounds of naturally occurring chemicals for example synthetic marijana and bath salts. the short term toxicity of these drugs has been shown to be problematic for individuals and could have lifelong impacts also however as these drugs have only recently in filtered society not much is known about the long term effects and further research is needed based on their chemical makeup synthetic drugs are commonly divided into two categories, first
we will discuss cannabinoids pop indeed
known as k2 or spice cannabinoids are
chemically formulated versions of
synthetic marijana that consist
of lab manufactured tetrahydrocannabinol users report
greater anxiety, discomfort, nausea,
confusion, perinea, desired for
the feeling to end. these synthetic
chemicals negatively affect short-term
memory, emotional stability, motivation,
learning, reasoning ability and stamina.
Cathinones
Often known as bath
salts, Catalans contain chemical
compounds that mimic the effects of
cocaine. this is a powerful drug that
causes severe side effects.
Bbath salts are sold as
crystalline powder with names such as
ivory wave, blow, red Daoe, vanilla sky, aura, zeus 2, zoom, bliss, blue silk, white lightening, ocean, charge, white dove and others.
The symptoms of bath
salt use are severe paranoia, seizures,
violent behavior, decreased need for
sleep, hallucinations, lack of appetite,
chest pain, and self-mutilation.
Users frequently described the highest horrible and report seeing demons, monsters, foreign soldiers or aliens
some have symptoms for two to three days
some require long-term psychiatric
care because their symptoms do not
improve.
Long-term health
problems that result from the use of
bath salts are
kidney failure, long-term mental illness, increased risk of suicide, self-mutilation, liver failure and death.
Discuss The Roots of Drug Administration
A drug will produce
its section only when it enters the
body tissue or cells that is site of
action.
so the entrance
through which a drug is delivered is
called the of drug administration there
are various ways of administering a drug
or a chemical to a site in a patient
or animal from where the chemical
is absorbed into the blood and these include systemic
route and local Road.
The systemic route - Drug administration in systemic
route the drug reads to the
systemic circulation that's the blood.
This systemic route is
further classified as internal route and
parenteral route an internal route the
drug is placed in the gastrointestinal
tract and it absorbs to the blood the
drug can be administered into gastrointestinal tract through oral
route, sublingual route
or rectal route.
Oral route- the drug is placed in the mouth and swallowed and absorption takes place along the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract, but drug administration through oral route is sometimes inefficient because only part of the drug may be absorbed and destruction of drug occurs by gastric acid and digestive juices.
The most important
concept associated with oral route of
drug administration is the first pass
effect.
The first pass effect
is the term used for the hepatic
metabolism of a pharmacological agent
when it is absorbed from the gut and
delivered to the liver via the portal
circulation.
The greater the first pass
effect the less the agent will reach the
systemic circulation when the agent is
administered orally.
Sublingual route or
Buccal root - in this route of
drug administration the drug is placed
under the tongue and absorption occurs
in the mouth.
So rapid absorption occurs and the drug is quite stable because the drug does not go to the stomach so it is not destroyed
the enzymes and acids present in the
stomach.
Rectal root - in this form a drug is mixed with the waxy substance that dissolves or liquefies after it is inserted into the director because the rectums wall is thin and it's rich blood supply the drug is readily absorbed.
It's prescribed for people who cannot take a drug orally because they have no she cannot swallow or have restrictions on eating as is required after many surgical operations.
Parenteral route of drug administration in this route of administration the drug does not pass through the gastrointestinal tract, it
directly reaches to the blood. the drug
can be administered with the help of
injections which can be intravascular,
intramuscular or subcutaneous or without
injections.
Which include inhalations
injections can begin - unconscious
patients and it has quick action but
there is greater risk of adverse effects
because high concentration is attained
rapidly and pain occurs at the site of
injection.
Drug administration without
injections is pain-free and rapid onset
of action occurs due to rapid access to
circulation.
Llocal or topical route of drug administration in this route the drug is applied on the skin and mucous membrane for the local action.
It's All About This Topic Hope You
Understood Well
Thank You
